小蝌蚪：妈妈，你为什么要把我们吞掉？
原创 齐硕 物种日历
物种日历 
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<span class="profile_meta_value">世界上的生物只有两种——已经出现在物种日历的，以及将要出现在物种日历的。这里既有萌点奇怪的『冷知识』，也有丰富『走心』的自然科普。每天一物种，带你看世界。</span>
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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4173152" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/y6e5bmynXsTGLKh0ABw8H0W1su3YG4YwfSMMXlxeQY8EBAAArQEAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1028" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/y6e5bmynXsTGLKh0ABw8H0W1su3YG4YwfSMMXlxeQY8EBAAArQEAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/231" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">小时候都听过小蝌蚪找妈妈的故事，在现实世界中，绝大多数小蝌蚪自从突破卵膜后就要独立面对危机四伏的世界。不过，也有些蛙妈妈为了让后代安全地度过蝌蚪期，演化出了各具特色的<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">育幼技能</strong></span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其中最知名的例子，莫过于令人san值狂掉的<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">负子蟾</strong></span>（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pipa pipa</em>），雌性负子蟾在繁殖期时背部皮肤膨大呈海绵状，将卵嵌入背部的皮肤中，发育成为幼蟾后才<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从母亲的背部钻出</strong></span>。还有扩角蛙科（Hemiphractidae）的一些物种，雌蛙将卵塞入皮下的背囊中。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;overflow-x: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="overflow: hidden;width: 200%;max-width: 200% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.625" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/08Un2gd1WsdpIm_zQniU9XO6uiLFSC65ijtyx6__iXOQAQAA-gAAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="400" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/08Un2gd1WsdpIm_zQniU9XO6uiLFSC65ijtyx6__iXOQAQAA-gAAAEpQ.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.625" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/Ql6k1ISOVM8y6UcwRNf6W8T6yM_d4YrqDdNW4sAPOleQAQAA-gAAAEdJ.gif" data-type="gif" data-w="400" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/Ql6k1ISOVM8y6UcwRNf6W8T6yM_d4YrqDdNW4sAPOleQAQAA-gAAAEdJ.gif" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">负子蟾幼体从母亲的皮肤中爬出来 | national geographic / youtube</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">还有些蛙采用直接发育的繁育策略，直接从泄殖腔<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产出幼体</strong></span>，或幼体不经过蝌蚪期<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">直接从卵中孵化</strong></span>，如胎生蟾属（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nimbaphrynoides</em>）及灌树蛙属（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Raorchestes</em>）的部分物种。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/KKza9I9mFO5YkOBwG1N94FlpFNfadVLcrU49OQ7bQjyWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/KKza9I9mFO5YkOBwG1N94FlpFNfadVLcrU49OQ7bQjyWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">奇异的育儿方式</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而脑洞最大的当属澳大利亚的<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">胃育溪蟾</strong></span>（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rheobatrachus silus</em>）。所谓“胃育”即是用胃作为养育后代的场所，这种行为在陆生脊椎类中别具一格。这种神奇的蛙类分布于澳大利亚昆士兰州东南部，因其分布区狭窄且行踪隐秘，直到1973年才被正式命名。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">成年雄性胃育溪蟾体长约4厘米，雌性稍大。体背颜色呈棕色、橄榄棕色，甚至近乎黑色，眼大而向上突出，鼻孔开口朝上，后足具发达的蹼，种种特征都显示出它对水生生活的适应性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">完成体外受精后，雌性会<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">将受精卵吞进肚中</strong></span>。每枚卵都被一层卵胶囊所包裹，卵胶囊中所含的前列腺素E2（prostaglandin E2）能够强烈抑制胃酸分泌，令胃完成<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从消化器官到育儿袋</strong></span>的角色转变。通过对排卵前的雌蛙解剖人们发现，输卵管中平均有40枚卵，但在胃中发育的受精卵输卵只有21~26枚，尚不清楚是部分卵被消化了，还是雌性并未将所有受精卵吞下。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/ctRUtkU4jFciYsDLVD6cWsRoXAGnWandX2grJbjdgteQAQAA8AAAAEdJ.gif" data-type="gif" data-w="400" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/ctRUtkU4jFciYsDLVD6cWsRoXAGnWandX2grJbjdgteQAQAA8AAAAEdJ.gif" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">动画展示胃育溪蟾将受精卵吞入胃里 | NOVA / Pbs</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">每枚受精卵卵径约5毫米，虽然听起来不大，但对比胃育溪蟾娇小的体型就显得尤为巨大。受精卵内包裹着巨大的卵黄囊，以供胚胎发育所需。育幼期间的胃育溪蟾妈妈不会进食，直到孩子们<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">发育为幼蛙后才将它们吐出</strong></span>，这一过程大概需要36~43天。这无疑是对雌蛙体能的巨大消耗，因此它们每年只繁育一次。为了尽可能地节约能量，雌蛙在育幼期会尽量减少活动，长时间伏于水边石下。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6025" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/JzRn_4ifhR2EmqYgP8TxGV8XKJnu-B1q5rswvfzAd3WQAQAA8QAAAEdJ.gif" data-type="gif" data-w="400" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/JzRn_4ifhR2EmqYgP8TxGV8XKJnu-B1q5rswvfzAd3WQAQAA8QAAAEdJ.gif" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">卵在胃里完成发育 | NOVA / Pbs</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><br></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/1Wc7RqelWKF1CDwCFCAIBoDOCM7zAxUNRaLjlFRxwWKQAQAA8AAAAEdJ.gif" data-type="gif" data-w="400" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/1Wc7RqelWKF1CDwCFCAIBoDOCM7zAxUNRaLjlFRxwWKQAQAA8AAAAEdJ.gif" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">发育完全的小溪蟾被吐出 | NOVA / Pbs</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/6INa48YYe0CxSHZiF4C0J3FxwvrKqJE0ZFuyNkOSS_WWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/6INa48YYe0CxSHZiF4C0J3FxwvrKqJE0ZFuyNkOSS_WWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">神秘消失的溪蟾</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，这种“宅”蛙竟然经历了一场亡族灭种的浩劫。1979年，人们发现胃育溪蟾的种群数量正在<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">急速下降</strong></span>，往日常见溪蟾的水池全都不见其踪迹。更奇怪的是这一年人们并没有察觉栖息环境有何变化。1981年9月，人们最后一次在野外见到胃育溪蟾，1983年，人工饲养环境下生存的最后一只胃育溪蟾<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">走到了生命的尽头</strong></span>，此时距离这一物种命名仅仅过去了十年。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而就在胃育溪蟾宣告灭绝后的第二年，在沿东海岸以北近千公里的伊加拉国家公园（Eungella National Park），又有一种溪蟾被世人发现。相比胃育溪蟾而言，这一新种的躯体及后肢腹面呈明亮的橙黄色，依此特征被命名为<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">R. vitellinus</em>，种加词“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">vitellinus</em>”为“卵黄色的”之意，中文名一般被翻译为<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">孵溪蟾</strong></span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/kxPV4LPeq5fGWzUDOqwjmlMJDFzZ9keZVKiGdt4viGrIAQAAyAEAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="456" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/kxPV4LPeq5fGWzUDOqwjmlMJDFzZ9keZVKiGdt4viGrIAQAAyAEAAEpQ.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">维多利亚博物馆的胃育溪蟾标本 | Benjamin Healley / Wikimedia Commons</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">自1984年1月被发现以来，人们对孵溪蟾的种群规模做了估算，发现它具有较大的种群数量。但它仿佛重复了胃育溪蟾的命运，被发现还不足一年种群量就呈直线下降，并且同样<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">消失得无声无息</strong></span>。直到1985年3月，再未有人听到孵溪蟾的叫声。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">两种溪蟾以惊人的速度消失，令无数科学家感到费解，既没有剧烈的环境变化、也没有水体污染，更没有来自人为的干扰。浩劫来得太过突然，人们甚至没来得及获得可研究的病理样品，直接从溪蟾身上找原因的线索中断了。但从同域其他蛙类身上的线索，将矛头指向两栖类的共同宿敌——<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">壶菌病</strong></span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3262806" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/9LGIjqW6FSiV82qkJjUWwXnGzGH5zk9qb4bphGs-4JeCAwAApwQAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="898" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/9LGIjqW6FSiV82qkJjUWwXnGzGH5zk9qb4bphGs-4JeCAwAApwQAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/736" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">壶菌属的真菌 | Pascale van Rooij / Wikimedia Commons</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/_IeU9L3MUScYpOsjwfVyrzcYVgqbBkzRpn0L6cp3mqiWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/_IeU9L3MUScYpOsjwfVyrzcYVgqbBkzRpn0L6cp3mqiWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">可怕的蛙壶菌病</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">壶菌病是由一类名为<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">壶菌</strong></span>（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Batrachochytrium</em> spp.）的真菌引起的传染病，在两栖类壶菌被证实之前，只有藻类、真菌、无脊椎动物和植物上被发现了寄生性或致命性壶菌。直到1993年，人们才在昆士兰州的一些病死蛙类的身上分离出壶菌，然而据估算，早在20世纪70年代时壶菌就已<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">随两栖动物贸易进入澳大利亚</strong></span>，并迅速扩散，造成大量两栖动物无故死亡后才被察觉。目前，蛙壶菌导致澳大利亚昆士兰州高海拔地区，<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">至少13种蛙类</strong></span>出现严重种群数量下滑甚至灭绝，全球三分之一的两栖动物面临壶菌威胁。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.771261" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/u0WorzdQlTAV-UGP6Ln4OWI3CWPLkg5l4l7o6sGQImf_AwAAFQMAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1023" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/u0WorzdQlTAV-UGP6Ln4OWI3CWPLkg5l4l7o6sGQImf_AwAAFQMAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/428" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">蛙壶菌的生命周期示意图 | Brian Gratwicke / Flickr</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">被壶菌感染后的蛙类皮肤会溃烂脱落，腹部及后肢充血变红，失去最外层免疫屏障的保护后，蛙会迅速因代谢疾病或感染等原因致死。而感染在体表的壶菌会<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">释放大量孢子</strong></span>，继续沿水环境侵染更多宿主。目前为止，尚无阻断壶菌传播的有效途径，也无治疗壶菌病的有效疗法，对于两栖类来说，感染壶菌病几乎等同于被判死刑。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">根据最新资料，蛙壶菌的原始宿主应该是源自东亚的<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">东亚铃蟾</strong></span>（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bombina orientalis</em>），后经其他中间宿主（如非洲爪蟾<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Xenopus laevis</em>），被人类运输传播到世界各地。旧大陆的两栖类与壶菌有着协同进化史，所以不会发病，但被引入大洋洲和南、北美洲后，当地的两栖类对这类异域真菌<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">完全没有抵抗能力</strong></span>，迅速败下阵来。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5767351" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/3R8hr3VWyJwYRVhgaljP6tWe_5QP875C2xs7cJpQT5D_AwAATgIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1023" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/3R8hr3VWyJwYRVhgaljP6tWe_5QP875C2xs7cJpQT5D_AwAATgIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/320" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">一张世界各地野外灭绝的两栖类“地图” | timmeko / Flickr</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">据2019年的调查统计，真菌类疾病已经<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">至少导致了501种两栖动物数量锐减</strong></span>，有<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">90种已经灭绝或野外灭绝</strong></span>，另有124个物种的种群规模下降了90%以上，而这501个物种中，有500个是因蛙壶菌导致的种群数量下滑，许多物种可能还没等被科学描述就已经灭绝。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">另有研究显示，<span style="color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">气候变暖</strong></span>增加了南美洲云雾雨林的蒸发量，阳光被长时间遮挡更利于壶菌生存。人类无意之间充当了推波助澜的角色。但事已至此，只得亡羊补牢，找到有效的治疗方案，才可能挽救无辜的生命。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.349" data-src="https://2-im.guokr.com/QjavefHKmBWQ3eWrRaeAO8sdhBLCDiTsNq8bIj-KC9XoAwAAXQEAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://2-im.guokr.com/QjavefHKmBWQ3eWrRaeAO8sdhBLCDiTsNq8bIj-KC9XoAwAAXQEAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/193" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">壶菌荼毒的两栖类</strong></p></section></section><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653033208&idx=2&sn=32f19a22d0b5a48cbecc11ee58729dd6&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653033208&idx=2&sn=32f19a22d0b5a48cbecc11ee58729dd6&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653033208&idx=2&sn=32f19a22d0b5a48cbecc11ee58729dd6&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/lUPftctK4nlbTd7g6t-QDA"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">泽氏斑蟾</p></section></section></a><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652977995&idx=1&sn=14ef3b8f465fbc27eeb22002bcf61e32&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652977995&idx=1&sn=14ef3b8f465fbc27eeb22002bcf61e32&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652977995&idx=1&sn=14ef3b8f465fbc27eeb22002bcf61e32&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/L2mEX-2HkHdwhXDpe4wTIw"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">草莓箭毒蛙</p></section></section></a><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653021051&idx=1&sn=ca429c87fc69a1a1fb6a269dd388eaef&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653021051&idx=1&sn=ca429c87fc69a1a1fb6a269dd388eaef&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653021051&idx=1&sn=ca429c87fc69a1a1fb6a269dd388eaef&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Xj2RtF_rSXJBaO9bWiAHOw"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(154, 131, 88);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">真螈</p></section></section></a><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9466667" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/jgnOb65uA94aRB-qoDpfwC6pAgNVeiSePgFqEPt_YazuAgAAxgIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="750" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/jgnOb65uA94aRB-qoDpfwC6pAgNVeiSePgFqEPt_YazuAgAAxgIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/525" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(122, 122, 122, 0.89);font-size: 12px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文来自物种日历，欢迎转发</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如需转载请联系GuokrPac@guokr.com<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><p><br></p>
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