白垩纪海洋小霸王，死因是……撑死？
原创 少侠小黄鸡 物种日历
物种日历 
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<span class="profile_meta_value">世界上的生物只有两种——已经出现在物种日历的，以及将要出现在物种日历的。这里既有萌点奇怪的『冷知识』，也有丰富『走心』的自然科普。每天一物种，带你看世界。</span>
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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4173152" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/EnQxR9cNBk998N4z-etEmW32hPtu1z6DqIhxr4WW18EEBAAArQEAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1028" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/EnQxR9cNBk998N4z-etEmW32hPtu1z6DqIhxr4WW18EEBAAArQEAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/231" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1822年，英国古生物学家曼特尔（Gideon Mantell，<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653033491&idx=1&sn=98392bc78d0649184dbdf112d4c55ef6&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box;" data-linktype="2">禽龙</a>的发现者）记录了这样一件奇怪的标本：一块发现于英国东南部荒野的长有粗壮长牙的下颌，与之一起发现的还有一堆散乱的椎骨。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">曼特尔很快便依据椎骨两端的凹陷认定，这是鱼类才有的特征，但这块古怪的下颌却让经验丰富的他也拿不定主意：说是<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鱼类</strong></span>的吧，这种牙齿生长模式确实也在其他鱼类化石中有发现，但是如此夸张的牙齿形态和粗壮下颌，又像是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;">大型海栖爬行类</span></strong>才能拥有的。于是尽管曼特尔在当时将这块下颌暂归为了鱼类，却又在1833年纠结地将它改为了爬行类。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4777778" data-src="https://2-im.guokr.com/HTcgDJqS016NZHs9o1NYkYsn44ET-4Fg-MDw0TeA4xA4BAAABAIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://2-im.guokr.com/HTcgDJqS016NZHs9o1NYkYsn44ET-4Fg-MDw0TeA4xA4BAAABAIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/265" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼化石，藏于史密森尼学会自然博物馆 | Chip Clark / Wikimedia Commons</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">之后类似的化石在北美等地大量被发现，但由于早期发现的这类化石大多是些一鳞半爪的碎片，因此给当时的古生物学家带来了很大的困扰。例如美国古生物学家雷迪（Joseph Leidy）曾在1856年认为这些大牙属于一种<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">沧龙</strong></span>（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Polygonodon</em>），之后又在1870年将化石猎人斯滕伯格（George M. Sternberg）送来的一块<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巨大的鳍碎片</strong></span>命名为<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Xiphactinus</em>（意为利剑般的长鳍）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/XYAP12S_Z7W0XOsQXilu3r38EAmn7W1LQwjICfvf0sfoAwAA7gIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/XYAP12S_Z7W0XOsQXilu3r38EAmn7W1LQwjICfvf0sfoAwAA7gIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/416" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 204);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼化石，本文作者拍摄于黄石矿博会展览 | 少侠小黄鸡</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在雷迪为鱼鳍命名后不久，美国古生物学家柯普（Edward Drinker Cope）也描述了一件来自堪萨斯州的颌骨标本。他依据标本的上下颌形态和牙齿等特征，认为这是一种从未被描述的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巨型掠食性鱼类</strong></span>，并将之命名为<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Portheus</em>，意指其“巨大而富有攻击性的牙齿”。但随着更多更完整的化石出土，后来的学者们发现这些被冠以不同学名的化石，其实是同一种生物的不同部位，并依据命名先后的原则将<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Xiphactinus audax</em>作为了这类肉食性巨鱼的学名，这便是古生物中的明星物种——<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">勇猛剑射鱼</strong></span>的名字由来。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/tp1LcOYeJ3RgaZ7w-Lyd_ILSHRHsiEI2gSlL8fIKqGKWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/tp1LcOYeJ3RgaZ7w-Lyd_ILSHRHsiEI2gSlL8fIKqGKWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">昔日海中小霸王</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">时至今日，作为剑射鱼化石主要产地的美国中西部地区早已是一片干燥的荒原，但如果我们将时间倒推至七千万年前，这里曾是一片汪洋，古地质学上称其为西部内陆海道。作为一片温暖丰饶的内陆浅海，西部内陆海孕育了<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">无数奇特的海洋生物</strong></span>：翼龙们贴着海面飞行，海上漂浮着成群结队觅食的黄昏鸟（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hesperornis</em>），而在看不见的水下，12米长的沧龙游曳其中，白垩刺甲鲨（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cretoxyrhina</em>）们保持着整齐的阵型伺机而动。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6992188" data-src="https://2-im.guokr.com/imwhP4p-94YYZHzRXrHUE_kSwOTiGt2EruzqFht3D14ABAAAzAIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://2-im.guokr.com/imwhP4p-94YYZHzRXrHUE_kSwOTiGt2EruzqFht3D14ABAAAzAIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/388" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">神河龙（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Styxosaurus</em>）与剑射鱼 | ABelov2014 / deviantart</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼便是这个看似安静祥和，却充斥着无数巨型海怪水域中的佼佼者。它有着夸张的巨大颌骨，延长的下颌和森然交错的巨大尖牙无不显示着其<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">暴虐的捕食习性</strong></span>。隆起的头背部、宽大粗壮若利剑的胸鳍、流畅身形和狭长的尾鳍是其生活时<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">傲人游速</strong></span>的最好体现。6米长的巨大身躯，使得剑射鱼成为了那个时代里真骨鱼类最辉煌的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">顶级掠食者</strong></span>，即便是在群雄辈出的西内陆海也能称霸一方，只有体型庞大的沧龙和群居的白垩刺甲鲨能对其造成威胁。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">但即便是这般英雄了得，剑射鱼在剧烈的环境变化之下依然显得微不足道。随着白垩纪末期发生的全球范围的海退事件，大量的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">内海消失</strong></span>，也包括剑射鱼所在的西部内陆海道，剑射鱼也随之退出了历史舞台。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.45875" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/FN3d95L8eFLiy-bK8hwSLQn7qyJ1kazarWjT7Kg8KXAgAwAAjwQAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="800" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/FN3d95L8eFLiy-bK8hwSLQn7qyJ1kazarWjT7Kg8KXAgAwAAjwQAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/809" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼复原图 | Johnson Mortimer / deviantart</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/M2KKL-ju7xeVCqI3_S5OMetM53DKCDXapNNe85tpFw-WAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/M2KKL-ju7xeVCqI3_S5OMetM53DKCDXapNNe85tpFw-WAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">“鱼中丐帮”的没落与“后人”</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">沧海桑田，尽管剑射鱼早已成为了荒野地层下的骨骼化石，但我们依然能在许多现生鱼类身上看到仿佛“<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">昔日的身影</strong></span>”。例如大海鲢（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Megalops cyprinoids</em>）、宝刀鱼（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Chirocentrus dorab</em>）和翘嘴鲌（bó）（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Culter alburnus</em>）拥有着与剑射鱼相仿的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">体态</strong></span>、突出的下颌骨和倾斜的口裂，被称为“无牙版小型剑射鱼”；鲯（qí）鳅（qiū）（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Coryphaena hippurus</em>）拥有着与之相近的头骨隆起和叉状尾鳍，为许多剑射鱼的复原图提供了灵感；生活在南美洲的水狼脂鲤（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hydrolycus</em> spp.）和非洲大陆的狗脂鲤（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hydrocynus </em>spp.）也长有夸张的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">尖牙</strong></span>，因此也成为了很多剑射鱼绘画的参考素材。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.749" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/r8XFAQV-Yx9LbcZDiodPm9u1-CHHEzqWupiioRbHusToAwAA7QIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/r8XFAQV-Yx9LbcZDiodPm9u1-CHHEzqWupiioRbHusToAwAA7QIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/415" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">大海鲢头骨 | 咸鱼咸鱼鱼</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">它们是否就是<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼延续至今的后代们</strong></span>呢？答案是否定的。且不说这几种现生鱼类鱼所属的类群千差万别，即便都是真骨鱼类的后裔，和早已灭绝的剑射鱼依然有着极为<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">遥远的距离</strong></span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作为真骨鱼类的基干，剑射鱼所属的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乞丐鱼目</strong></span>（这个家族落魄的名字或许来自一个早期的翻译错误， 乞丐鱼目Ichthyodectiformes意为<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">有着梳状牙齿的捕鱼者</strong></span>，翻译者可能将biter和beggar意思相混淆，事实上乞丐鱼目尤其是乞丐鱼科大部分成员，都是凶猛的捕食者）在白垩纪晚期，便只剩下大型掠食者和滤食者两个生态位，并在白垩纪末期全球气候发生巨大变化的时候<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">全部灭绝</strong></span>。因此上述这些现生鱼类并不能算剑射鱼的子嗣，而是再次在进化中获得了其捕猎本领等衣钵的“入室弟子”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7782101" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/A6CuHc01lupDhbMCunLqCIv--Te5iYmPF0Xrdy-9MzQDAwAAWAIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="771" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/A6CuHc01lupDhbMCunLqCIv--Te5iYmPF0Xrdy-9MzQDAwAAWAIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/431" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼锋利的牙齿，藏于斯滕伯格自然博物馆 | James St. John / Wikimedia Commons</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而从它们身上，我们也能推断出一些有关剑射鱼的捕食习性。例如狗脂鲤和宝刀鱼等<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">牙齿尖利粗壮</strong></span>，多是用于固定和撕咬。同理剑射鱼的尖牙功能也是如此（英语中称其为fish biters，意为<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鱼类撕咬者</strong></span>），因此在其胃容物化石中能见到各类残肢，甚至还有沧龙的鳍肢。不同于现生肉食鱼类常用的负压吞吸捕食法，剑射鱼的捕食方式为<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">追逐咬捕</strong></span>，更接近鲨鱼等软骨鱼的捕食方式，因此需要<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">强壮有力的上下颌</strong></span>和更大的体型提供帮助。而现生的大海鲢和翘嘴鲌由于没有固定猎物的牙齿，往往会将颌骨增厚（尤其是下颌骨）甚至出现凸起，以帮助咬捕猎物。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 50px 0% 30px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 1.6em;margin-right: -0.8em;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/ibhA2SFPJOHtEk3fBTt9yXixDnRF8fzc-GmfaZpSQwWWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" data-type="png" data-w="150" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/ibhA2SFPJOHtEk3fBTt9yXixDnRF8fzc-GmfaZpSQwWWAAAAlgAAAFBO.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section><section style="border-radius: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-color: rgb(223, 222, 247);border-bottom-style: dashed;border-bottom-width: 1px;padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">贪吃惹的祸</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">相较于负压法，咬捕法能使得捕食者能吞下游速较快身体细长的较大猎物，例如在剑射鱼发现者——斯滕伯格家族博物馆中便有这样一具著名的“<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;">鱼中鱼</span></strong>”标本：一条4米长的剑射鱼完整吞下了一条1.8米长的<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">吉氏鱼</strong></span>（一种体型稍小体态修长的乞丐鱼，一些资料会错误地将其翻译为鳃腺鱼），不过捕食者也因此死于猎物在体内挣扎造成的伤害。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/XaurFQh9sS6diW6mFZGdCSrYykO8y_rCVjgNuMqZtTQABAAAAAMAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/XaurFQh9sS6diW6mFZGdCSrYykO8y_rCVjgNuMqZtTQABAAAAAMAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/416" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">剑射鱼的骨架肚子里，藏着一副完整的吉氏鱼属（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gillicus</em>）骨架，斯滕伯格自然博物馆 | James St. John / Wikimedia Commons</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管很多资料会认为大海鲢是最接近剑射鱼体态的鱼类，但我个人觉得将剑射鱼对比鲯鳅或许要更为贴切：二者都具有狭长的尾鳍，粗壮笔直的胸鳍和隆起的后脑，而这些都是在海洋中劈波斩浪的重要装备。被唤作“鬼头刀鱼”的鲯鳅常常会<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">跃出水面</strong></span>追逐飞鱼等猎物，我们不难想象在遥远的白垩纪末，剑射鱼也曾这般在海面驰骋飞跃，<span style="color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">庞大的身躯溅起巨大的海浪</strong></span>。这也难怪人们曾在剑射鱼的化石中发现有十二种以上的猎物残骸，其中不乏在海上漂游的黄昏鸟和飞掠过水面的翼龙。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/XxmFVbbVGg6z-eWh43bgYsjuMg__39tunGtVeJIQTxoABAAAAAMAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/XxmFVbbVGg6z-eWh43bgYsjuMg__39tunGtVeJIQTxoABAAAAAMAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/416" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 1.6;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-sizing: border-box;">鲯鳅 | Bill & Mark Bell / Flickr</span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="line-height: 2;color: rgb(52, 52, 52);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">如果说剑射鱼的灭绝不过是白垩纪—古近纪大灭绝的一个小小的缩影，那么发生在我们身边的，诸如<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653004026&idx=1&sn=22b39d6268695166bac798f96ee4188f&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box;" data-linktype="2">白鲟</a>、<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2653044305&idx=1&sn=dcc78b0b1081b2624bef6763b5eb2776&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box;" data-linktype="2">鯮</a>（zōng）等大型肉食性鱼类的消逝，或许将成为地球第六次大灭绝前的警钟，时刻提醒着人类不要忘记与自然和谐共处的重要性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.349" data-src="https://1-im.guokr.com/OweOPYe_MqqxZghKcCZ-KaPIZ7NGe61el0gR9XeNIunoAwAAXQEAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://1-im.guokr.com/OweOPYe_MqqxZghKcCZ-KaPIZ7NGe61el0gR9XeNIunoAwAAXQEAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/193" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巨鱼国度</strong></p></section></section><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652984396&idx=1&sn=ba07d89ca1f5f5e1df993a06c605e4e7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652984396&idx=1&sn=ba07d89ca1f5f5e1df993a06c605e4e7&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652984396&idx=1&sn=ba07d89ca1f5f5e1df993a06c605e4e7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_dRtFCFwhIlS0YQHB4jjrA"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">蓝鳍金枪鱼</p></section></section></a><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652968400&idx=1&sn=1731c1adebe1f75dbcd416f2703d2df7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652968400&idx=1&sn=1731c1adebe1f75dbcd416f2703d2df7&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652968400&idx=1&sn=1731c1adebe1f75dbcd416f2703d2df7&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/BIUIWjK-DQPecvr0K0lZOQ"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">鲯鳅</p></section></section></a><a title="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652963542&idx=1&sn=f0a3e3a57275c6bb42ba30c17d016157&scene=21#wechat_redirect" formlinkparm=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652963542&idx=1&sn=f0a3e3a57275c6bb42ba30c17d016157&scene=21#wechat_redirect"" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MjMzOTY4Mw==&mid=2652963542&idx=1&sn=f0a3e3a57275c6bb42ba30c17d016157&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us" data-linktype="2"><section opera-tn-ra-link-data=""https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/cbE46M7s_sqZSxKwpXT7-A"" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(74, 116, 212);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">剑旗鱼</p></section></section></a><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9466667" data-src="https://3-im.guokr.com/Pjvjzo_mDI_R7Cku6fq8ibsjuFQhOyDOR20TJdS1MC_uAgAAxgIAAEpQ.jpg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="750" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" src="https://3-im.guokr.com/Pjvjzo_mDI_R7Cku6fq8ibsjuFQhOyDOR20TJdS1MC_uAgAAxgIAAEpQ.jpg?imageView2/1/w/555/h/525" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></section></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(122, 122, 122, 0.89);font-size: 12px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文来自物种日历，欢迎转发</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如需转载请联系GuokrPac@guokr.com<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><p><br></p>
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